While not a complete answer, this is what I have investigated so far:
There is no Jenkins support for Java Batch out of the box. A specialized plugin could change that but would still have to be created. Such a dedicated plugin can render the batch job similar to the Pipeline Graph View plugin.
The tricky part is that Jenkins will run the Java executable as one step. As long as that remains there is no way for Jenkins to distinguish batch jobs or their steps other than analyzing the output. If the batch announces start and end of a step there is a Jenkins plugin that can detect this and allow the UI to split log output based on that. The Collapsing Console Sections plugin is an example for that.
To have a consistent behaviour across all jobs it makes sense to add a StepListener to produce the output detected by the plugin. Going forward in the context of the question, the identified steps could then be rendered similar to the Pipeline Stage View plugin.