Improving Task Switching Skills

The silent productivity killer you've never heard of... Attention Residue (and 3 strategies to fight back): The concept of "attention residue" was first identified by University of Washington business professor Dr. Sophie Leroy in 2009. The idea is quite simple: There is a cognitive cost to shifting your attention from one task to another. When our attention is shifted, there is a "residue" that remains in the brain and impairs our cognitive performance on the new task. Put differently, you may think your attention has fully shifted to the next task, but your brain has a lag—it thinks otherwise! It's relatively easy to find examples of this effect in your own life: • You get on a call but are still thinking about the prior call. • An email pops up during meeting and derails your focus. • You check your phone during a lecture and can't refocus afterwards. There are two key points worth noting here: 1. The research indicates it doesn't seem to matter whether the task switch is "macro" (i.e. moving from one major task to the next) or "micro" (i.e. pausing one major task for a quick check on some minor task). 2. The challenge is even more pronounced in a remote/hybrid world, where we're free to roam the internet, have our chat apps open, and check our phones all while appearing to be focused in a Zoom meeting. With apologies to any self-proclaimed proficient multitaskers, the research is very clear: Every single time you call upon your brain to move away from one task and toward another, you are hurting its performance—your work quality and efficiency suffer. Author Cal Newport puts it well: "If, like most, you rarely go more than 10–15 minutes without a just check, you have effectively put yourself in a persistent state of self-imposed cognitive handicap." Here are three strategies to manage attention residue and fight back: 1. Focus Work Blocks: Block time on your calendar for sprints of focused energy. Set a timer for a 45-90 minute window, close everything except the task at hand, and focus on one thing. It works wonders. 2. Take a Breather: Whenever possible, create open windows of 5-15 minutes between higher value tasks. Schedule 25-minute calls. Block those windows on your calendar. During them, take a walk or close your eyes and breathe. 3. Batch Processing: You still have to reply to messages and emails. Pick a few windows during the day when you will deeply focus on the task of processing and replying to these. Your response quality will go up from this batching, and they won't bleed into the rest of your day. Attention residue is a silent killer of your work quality and efficiency. Understanding it—and taking the steps to fight back—will have an immediate positive impact on your work and life. If you enjoyed this or learned something, share it with others and follow me Sahil Bloom for more in future! The beautiful visualization is by Roberto Ferraro.

Automation, AI workflow, or AI agent? To always 𝘬𝘯𝘰𝘸 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘰𝘯𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘣𝘶𝘪𝘭𝘥, follow this 𝘧𝘳𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬: Remember when I explained why many "𝘈𝘐 𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘴" shared on LinkedIn are actually 𝘈𝘐 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘧𝘭𝘰𝘸𝘴 or 𝘢𝘶𝘵𝘰𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴 in disguise? Turns out: understanding the difference is only partially helpful. The real challenge is knowing 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘶𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘰 𝘣𝘶𝘪𝘭𝘥 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘺𝘰𝘶𝘳 𝘶𝘴𝘦 𝘤𝘢𝘴𝘦. So I built this framework to help you decide. There are 6 key dimensions to consider - working in pairs: 𝐏𝐚𝐢𝐫 #1: 𝐃𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧-𝐌𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 ↔️ 𝐇𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 aka. how decisions are made - and how much human intervention is required: → 𝘈𝘶𝘵𝘰𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯: You make ALL decisions upfront when designing your automation, which means that no human intervention is needed after. → 𝘈𝘐 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘧𝘭𝘰𝘸: You set boundaries for the AI to operate within; humans occasionally review outputs or intervene when the system encounters edge cases. → 𝘈𝘐 𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘵: You set high-level goals, and AI determines its own path; this means humans need to provide ongoing feedback to ensure it makes the right decisions. 𝐏𝐚𝐢𝐫 #2: 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 ↔️ 𝐀𝐝𝐚𝐩𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 a.k.a which type of data the system should process - and how adaptable it has to be: → 𝘈𝘶𝘵𝘰𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯: Requires strictly predefined data formats with no deviation; breaks when encountering unexpected inputs and needs to be re-engineered when processes change. → 𝘈𝘐 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘧𝘭𝘰𝘸: Handles mostly structured data with some variability allowed; can adjust to parameter variations within defined parameters but needs guidance for significant changes. → 𝘈𝘐 𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘵: Processes diverse unstructured data across multiple sources with varying formats; independently adapts to different inputs and shifting environments without reprogramming. 𝐏𝐚𝐢𝐫 #3: 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 ↔️ 𝐑𝐢𝐬𝐤 𝐓𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 a.k.a how predictable the outcomes must be - and what level of risk is acceptable: → 𝘈𝘶𝘵𝘰𝘮𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯: Delivers highly consistent, predictable results every time; ideal for mission-critical processes where errors cannot be tolerated and predictability is essential. → 𝘈𝘐 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘧𝘭𝘰𝘸: Produces mostly reliable outcomes with occasional variations in edge cases; balances flexibility with guardrails to prevent major errors while allowing some adaptability. → 𝘈𝘐 𝘢𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘵: Creates outcomes that can vary significantly between iterations; optimized for scenarios where discovering novel approaches and adaptability outweigh the need for consistent results. How to use this framework: Always 𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘳𝘵 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘦𝘧𝘵 and move right only when necessary. 1. Start with automation 2. Move to AI workflows when you need more flexibility within guardrails  3. Only move to agents when you need high adaptability Don’t fall for the AI agent hype - most processes can be automated without agents.

The life of an early-stage founder is a beautiful mess. One minute you're troubleshooting a server crash, the next you're crafting a captivating investor pitch. While exhilarating, this constant context switching can leave your brain feeling like a juggling octopus, with tasks and responsibilities swirling in a chaotic dance. The Science of Scatteredness: Neuroscientists tell us context switching comes at a cost. Each time we shift gears, our brains incur a "switching cost" – a period of time wasted regaining focus and context. This constant switching can lead to decreased productivity, increased errors, and even impaired decision-making. Pros: 1. Agility and Adaptability: Founders wear many hats, and the ability to switch between tasks allows them to respond quickly to diverse challenges. 2. Holistic Understanding: Context switching fosters a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness of various aspects of the business. 3. Spark of Innovation: The mental gymnastics of context switching can sometimes trigger creative connections, leading to unexpected solutions and innovative ideas. Cons: 1. Decreased Productivity: The "switching cost" can significantly impact efficiency, leading to longer hours and increased stress 2. Cognitive Overload: Juggling multiple tasks can overload your working memory, leading to decreased focus, attention lapses, and potential errors in judgment. 3. Decision Fatigue: Making numerous decisions across various domains can lead to decision fatigue, impacting the quality of your later choices. So how can early-stage founders mitigate the negative effects of context switching and leverage its potential benefits? 1. Batch Similar Tasks: Group similar tasks together, minimizing the number of context switches needed. Dedicate specific times for coding, emails, or meetings. 2. Schedule Breaks: Schedule short breaks throughout the day to allow your brain to rest and refocus. A quick walk or meditation can do wonders. 3. Delegate and Prioritize: Don't be a hero. Delegate tasks whenever possible and prioritize based on urgency and importance. 4. Leverage Technology: Use project management tools and communication platforms to streamline processes and reduce information overload. 5. Embrace Mindfulness: Practice mindfulness techniques like meditation or deep breathing to improve focus and manage stress. Remember, you are not an octopus. While early-stage founders naturally wear many hats, prioritizing focused work and strategic context switching can significantly improve your well-being and the success of your venture. Embrace the beautiful mess, but manage your mental acrobatics, and you'll find the sweet spot where agility meets efficiency, paving the way for a thriving startup. ...and if all else fails, invest in a sturdy punching bag. #FoundersJourney #ContextSwitching #BrainHealth #StartupLife #Productivity #DecisionMaking #Mindfulness #Focus #Delegation #Technology #Wellbeing #Success #PunchingBagHumor

🏗 How To Tackle Large, Complex Projects. With practical techniques to meet the desired outcome, without being disrupted or derailed along the way ↓ 🤔 99% of large projects don’t finish on budget and on time. 🤔 Projects rarely fail because of poor skills or execution. ✅ They fail because of optimism and insufficient planning. ✅ Also because of poor risk assessment, discovery, politics. 🎯 Best strategy: Think Slow (detailed planning) + Act Fast. ✅ Allocate 20–45% of total project effort for planning. ✅ Riskier and larger projects always require more planning. ✅ Think Right → Left: start from end goal, work backwards. ✅ For each goal, consider immediate previous steps/events. ✅ Set up milestones, prioritize key components for each. ✅ Consider stakeholders, users, risks, constraints, metrics. 🚫 Don’t underestimate unknown domain, blockers, deps. ✅ Compare vs. similar projects (reference class forecasting). ✅ Set up an “execution mode” to defer/minimize disruptions. 🚫 Nothing hurts productivity more than unplanned work. Over the last few years, I've been using the technique called “Event Storming” suggested by Matteo Cavucci to capture user’s experience moments through the lens of business needs. With it, we focus on the desired business outcome, and then use research insights to project events that users will be going through towards that outcome. On that journey, we identify key milestones and break user’s events into 2 main buckets: user’s success moments (which we want to dial up) and user’s pain points or frustrations (which we want to dial down). We then break out into groups of 3–4 people to separately prioritize these events and estimate their impact and effort on Effort vs. Value curves (https://lnkd.in/evrKJUEy). The next step is identifying key stakeholders to engage with, risks to consider (e.g. legacy systems, 3rd-party dependency etc.), resources and tooling. We reserve special timing to identify key blockers and constraints that endanger successful outcome or slow us down. If possible, we also set up UX metrics to track how successful we actually are in improving the current state of UX. When speaking to business, usually I speak about better discovery and scoping as the best way to mitigate risk. We can of course throw ideas into the market and run endless experiments. But not for critical projects that get a lot of visibility — e.g. replacing legacy systems or launching a new product. They require thorough planning to prevent big disasters and urgent rollbacks. If you’d like to learn more, I can only highly recommend "How Big Things Get Done" (https://lnkd.in/erhcBuxE), a wonderful book by Prof. Bent Flyvbjerg and Dan Gardner who have conducted a vast amount of research on when big projects fail and succeed. A wonderful book worth reading! Happy planning, everyone! 🎉🥳

Agentic systems are transforming the way we build intelligent applications. But building one that scales 𝘳𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘺 requires more than just chaining prompts or APIs. It demands a robust architecture — one that blends structure, adaptability, and memory. Here’s a sketch I created to summarize a complete 𝗔𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗔𝗜 𝗕𝗹𝘂𝗲𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗻𝘁, inspired by real-world systems: Core Components 1. 𝗟𝗟𝗠 (𝗟𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹) – The foundation for reasoning, communication, and synthesis. 2. 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗔𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘁 – Creates task decomposition and selects optimal workflows.     3. 𝗘𝘅𝗲𝗰𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗔𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 – Operate in:    →𝗦𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝗳𝗹𝗼𝘄 (agent → agent handoff)    →𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗹 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝗳𝗹𝗼𝘄 (simultaneous agent execution with a Decision Agent) 4. 𝗚𝘂𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗹𝘀 – Ensure ethical, safe, and bounded operations (PII protection, response filtering, etc.) 5. 𝗠𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗹𝗲𝘀 – Capture and use:    Chat History    User Profile    Conversation State 6. 𝗢𝗯𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 & 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘁𝗶𝗰𝘀 – Track performance, bottlenecks, and system drift.     Frameworks That Map to This Architecture This blueprint isn't theoretical — it's actionable with the right tools: • 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵 → Graph-based stateful agent flows • 𝗖𝗿𝗲𝘄𝗔𝗜 → Autonomous teams of specialized agents • 𝗔𝘂𝘁𝗼𝗴𝗲𝗻 (𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗼𝗳𝘁) → Conversational agent orchestration framework • 𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗮𝗚𝗣𝗧 → Multi-agent system for software generation • 𝗔𝗗𝗞 (𝗔𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗗𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹𝗼𝗽𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗞𝗶𝘁) → Brings modularity, plug-and-play memory, observability, and execution logic to life.    Each of these fits naturally into this architecture — some emphasize planning, others coordination or tooling — but 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝘆 𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗮 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗼𝗻 𝗴𝗼𝗮𝗹: 𝗯𝘂𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗹𝘆 𝗮𝘂𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀, 𝗮𝗱𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝘀𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺𝘀.

Taking breaks is part of the job. If you plough straight from task to task, stress builds and focus drops. I'm often guilty of this. I get absorbed by a challenge or an opportunity, dive in and find that three hours have passed before I know it. Microsoft ran EEG tests on people in back-to-back 30-minute meetings. measuring what happens in their brains. They found that short pauses prevented stress from accumulating, boosted engagement, and smoothed the stressful “gear-change” between meetings. In other words, breathers help you do better work. Here are three ways I make breaks count: 1. The pre-task pause Before a tricky task, I go out and take a five-minute walk - even if it's pouring! - then start. Beginning with a breath of fresh air calms the transition and stops me white-knuckling through the first half hour. 2. The one-song reset I turn up the volume on a three-minute track (currently something by Post Malone) stand up, stretch my wrists, look at something out of the window very far away. Then I refill my glass with cold water, and sit back down as the song ends. The music is my timer, so there’s no alarm faff - and I always come back on cue. 3. The park-it technique I end a deep-work stint by writing two lines on the notepad by my keyboard: “what I did” and “what I’ll do next”. Then I step away. Writing down the next step eases my fear of losing momentum, so I can pick it up again the next day. If, like me, you get absorbed and let hours disappear, try one of these this week. What’s your most reliable reset?

Can you work in chaos? Sure. But will the output be the same? Definitely not. As an agency owner, every day brings a new challenge. The kind of work we do requires a highly active brain—creative ideas, constant brainstorming, and strategic thinking. It’s not routine; it’s a journey to grow the business 70% of the time, and 30% to keep it running. But let’s be real: this journey is far from easy. If the environment isn’t peaceful—mentally or physically—it becomes nearly impossible to perform at our best. Here’s what I’ve learned about the two types of peace we need to succeed: 1️⃣ Mind Peace A cluttered mind equals a cluttered output. To clear your mental space: - Start your day with a to-do list and set priorities. - Take short breaks between intense tasks to reset. - Practice mindfulness or meditation for 5 minutes daily to declutter your thoughts. - Consider therapy. Sometimes, talking to a professional can help you manage stress, gain clarity, and improve focus. 2️⃣ Environmental Peace A messy space—physically or digitally—leads to messy productivity. Here’s what helps: - Keep your workspace clean and organized. - Declutter your digital life: organize files, clear your inbox, and streamline your workflow. - If home distractions are unavoidable, head to a cafe or coworking space for focused work. - Limit unnecessary noise or interruptions while working on creative tasks. Since I’ve started implementing these changes, my productivity has skyrocketed. Clean space, clear mind—it’s a game changer. If you’ve been feeling stuck or overwhelmed, give this a try. Prioritizing both mind peace and environmental peace can unlock your best work yet. Let me know which of these resonates most with you! 😊

Feel like you have a scattered brain? I do too. Here are 9 ways I stay focused as a solopreneur with ADHD. I struggle to regulate my attention. (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the clue's in the name!) I don’t have a ‘deficit’ of attention- I have difficulties managing and controlling it. Especially now that I work for myself and have a lot more freedom. Attention shifts look like this: • Hyperfocus I get so absorbed in tasks that I forget to eat, drink or move. • Difficulty sustaining attention I get easily bored = restlessness, procrastination, distractibility. • Shifting attention I chaotically switch between tasks, disrupting my workflow. • Impulsivity I struggle to focus on one high-priority task at a time. I’m drawn to immediate, low-effort distractions that give me a quick dopamine hit. I have to work extra hard to regulate my attention. But I know that getting into a flow state is crucial for work productivity. So, here are 9 ways I maximise efficiency as an ADHDer: 1/ Changing my environment I’ll change my work location 2-3 times p/d. I know the signs that I’m losing focus… I get more irritable, distracted and less productive. My routine is usually: Morning/ afternoon: WFH - writing & calls Late afternoon: coffee shop/ hotel/ co-working space - deep work I was invited to Quintessential Offices in Glasgow recently and it was such a dream location to work from. It even has a gym & wellness area! 2/ Knowing my optimal workspace I've learned the triggers that make me feel overstimulated, unfocused and fidgety: Usually bright lights, noisy environments, too many people, uncomfortable seating, mess/ clutter. If possible, I’ll work in ambient atmospheres, use noise cancelling headphones and go to a location with different seating options so I can move between chair/ sofa. 3/ Fuel my body right Sounds simple, doesn’t it? But what I do/ don’t put into my body significantly impacts my concentration and productivity. I’ve stopped drinking alcohol, taking caffeine and eating junk food. The result: don't feel sluggish, higher energy and concentration, no dopamine spike & crash. More quick-fire tips: 4/ Custom DND mode (I put my phone on DND so I only receive notifications from clients). 5/ Exercise daily (My Apple Watch also reminds me to move about if I’m sat for too long). 6/ Gamify my work (If I do X task by X time, I can reward myself with X thing). 7/ Brain dump notebook/ board on Notion (I jot down ideas and tasks that come to my head so I can return to them later). 8/ Email only blocks (I dedicate a certain time to email responses, rather than replying in real time). 9/ Call scheduling (I try to squeeze my calls into a 2-3 day window, so I can dedicate the rest of the week to deep work). Finding ways to work with your brain - ADHD or not - is crucial. But just remember to be kind to yourself, too. Don't beat yourself up over your endless to-do list that was already impossible to finish!

We have normalised the abnormal. And it’s to our detriment. Companies and individuals alike seem to think that it should be accepted to work with constant interruptions and distractions. Radical point of view here: It’s not! The key to productivity isn't doing MORE – more tasks, more meetings, more apps for tracking metrics and deliverables, ANOTHER SPEADSHEET… It’s knowing when to step back and disconnect. A digital detox, if you will. I can tell you with full confidence, after 2 decades being around high performers and executives, that those who achieve the most in their fields are those who aren’t always accessible. Why? They're the ones who deliberately create space for deep work. The science backs this up: achieving flow state—that magical zone where work feels effortless and time melts away—requires three things: → Work that energizes you → Deep focus → The ability to work on the task without interruption How can you achieve all 3 when you’re dealing with yet another Teams notification or Slack message? Each of these interruptions is sacrificing your most valuable resource: your attention. A single interruption costs you not just the seconds to check it, but the additional 23 minutes to fully regain your concentration. My advice? Schedule "meetings of one" with yourself. Block your calendar, silence notifications, and communicate your unavailability just as you would during any other important meeting. Use this time to tackle projects that will benefit from your full and undivided attention. I’m not saying to go full analogue and reject technology completely, but rather to decide to use it intentionally. When you protect your focus time, you can accomplish in 2 hours what might otherwise take an entire day. What's your strategy for creating focus time? Have you experienced the productivity boost that comes from strategic digital detox? #DigitalDetox #LinkedInNewsDACH #ProductivityHacks

The most expensive moment of your day costs nothing. But missing it costs everything. I'm talking about transition moments. Those 30-90 seconds between meetings, tasks, or contexts that most leaders rush through without a second thought. I see it constantly. Leaders pride themselves on packed calendars and back-to-back efficiency. But what looks like productivity is actually a performance killer. Microsoft research confirms why this happens. When measuring brain activity, researchers found the transition period between meetings creates one of the highest stress spikes in your entire day. Jumping directly from one context to another causes dramatic increases in beta waves…the ones associated with stress and anxiety. But here's what's fascinating: when leaders took even a 5-minute intentional break between meetings, they not only prevented these spikes but actually experienced a noticeable dip in beta activity. This isn't just about feeling better. Transition moments directly impact: 🔹 Decision quality (your brain needs time to reset) 🔹 Creativity (insights emerge in mental space, not mental clutter) 🔹 Leadership presence (scattered attention dilutes your impact) The highest-performing leaders I work with haven't added more to their plates. They've mastered the spaces between commitments. Try these three transition practices that take less than 60 seconds: 1. The Context Clearance Before leaving a meeting, take 20 seconds to write down any remaining thoughts or follow-ups. Close the mental tab completely. 2. The Arrival Reset Before entering your next context, take three deep breaths. Feel your feet on the floor. Name the single most important thing ahead. 3. The Intention Bridge Ask yourself: "Who do I need to be in this next moment?" Not what you need to do, but WHO you need to be. The paradox is clear: The moments we think matter least often determine how effective we are in the moments we think matter most. UC Irvine research found it takes an average of 25 minutes to truly refocus after a significant shift in attention. By rushing transitions, you guarantee you'll never bring your full capacity to ANYTHING. Great leaders don't work more hours. They bring complete attention to each moment. And that starts with how they transition. —- Follow me (Jon Macaskill ) for leadership insights that blend science with practical wisdom for today's pressure-filled world. And feel free to repost if someone in your life needs to hear this. 📩 Subscribe to my newsletter here → https://lnkd.in/g9ZFxDJG You'll get FREE access to my 21-Day Mindfulness & Meditation Course—packed with real, actionable strategies to lead with clarity, resilience, and purpose.