𝗣𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗟𝗟𝗠𝘀 𝗔𝗿𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗳𝘂𝗹. 𝗕𝘂𝘁 𝗔𝗿𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝘆 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹? Last week, I wrote about why RBI-regulated lenders in India can’t use public LLMs for prompts involving PII or financial data. ✅ The solution? 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗟𝗟𝗠𝘀 — hosted on your own infra. But that triggered a great DM (thank you 🙌), asking the real question: “Private LLMs sound right for compliance. But aren’t they prohibitively expensive to scale, update, and fine-tune?” 💯 And yes — 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗶𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗮𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝗯𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗸. 𝗟𝗲𝘁’𝘀 𝗯𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗸 𝗶𝘁 𝗱𝗼𝘄𝗻: 1️⃣ 𝗖𝗼𝘀𝘁 = 𝗖𝗹𝗼𝘂𝗱 𝗕𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗔𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗲 It’s compute + storage + bandwidth + team + orchestration + fallback. 2️⃣ 𝗦𝗰𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 = 𝗝𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗚𝗣𝗨𝘀 You need: • Load balancers • Caching strategies • Prompt routing • Fine-grained user/session control 3️⃣ 𝗧𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 = 𝗢𝗻𝗲-𝗧𝗶𝗺𝗲 𝗝𝗼𝗯 Fine-tuning LLMs for lending use cases (like GST analysis or bank statement parsing) needs: • Domain-specific datasets • Guardrail systems • Evaluation pipelines 🔧 𝗦𝗼 𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁’𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗪𝗮𝘆 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗱? 💡 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗔𝗜 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 Use modular building blocks — not monoliths. E.g., pair open-source LLMs with LangChain-style prompt routers and internal rule engines. 💡 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗹𝗹 + 𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘇𝗲 You don’t need a 65B parameter model for everything. Finetune smaller models (7B or even 3B) for very specific tasks. 💡 𝗜𝗻𝘃𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗢𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗥𝗲𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗘𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆𝘄𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 Train one RBI-compliant retrieval pipeline — reuse across use cases (underwriting, fraud checks, etc.) 📌 𝗠𝘆 𝗧𝗮𝗸𝗲𝗮𝘄𝗮𝘆: AI compliance doesn’t need to kill velocity. It just demands 𝘀𝗺𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲, 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴. 💬 𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁’𝘀 𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗯𝗶𝗴𝗴𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗯𝗹𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗮𝗱𝗼𝗽𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗽𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗟𝗟𝗠𝘀? 𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗿𝗮? 𝗣𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗲? 𝗥𝗢𝗜 𝗰𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆? 👇 Comment or DM — I’d love to exchange notes. #TechTuesday #PrivateLLM #AIInfrastructure #ComplianceFirst #LangChain #FintechAI #AIinLending #OpenSourceLLM #CostofAI #IndiaAI #RBICompliance #EdgeAI
Amazing write up Insightful!Vineet Tyagi
Another alternative approach, I believe could be focussing on making your Agents more intelligent about your context over the period fetching the relevant knowledge from existing LLMs.
Great perspective Sir! Even though adapting to new trends is mandatory on business. Sometimes, I always wonder about new trends (Cloud Vs On prem, RPA and AI-ML including LLMs) results in an actual increase in TCO if calculated over the 3-5 years as compared to traditional BAU.
Insightful perspective Vineet! Retraining with newer models is one of the blockers I foresee along with cost of computing. SLMs for a domain specific use case with efficient fine tuning is the reall game changer.
Vineet Tyagi This nails it. Private LLMs are viable but only with a composable, focused approach like this.
Great post, Vineet! You've highlighted the critical challenges in building and scaling private LLMs, especially around cost, infrastructure, and fine-tuning. These are indeed the real bottlenecks. Your points on composable AI architecture, distilling models, and reusing pipelines resonate strongly. It's not just about throwing more GPUs at the problem, but about smart, efficient infrastructure and specialized solutions. On that note, E2E Cloud, particularly their TIR: AI/ML Platform, seem directly aligned with addressing these issues. Their focus on cost-effective, high-performance GPUs (NVIDIA H200, H100, A100), pre-configured environments, and scalable pipelines could be a game-changer for organizations looking to build private LLMs without the prohibitive costs and complexities. The managed inference and integrations with tools like Hugging Face also directly support your points on fine-tuning and composable architectures. It's great to see solutions emerging that tackle these practical challenges head-on.
I have seen a private LLM in action and you won’t believe how they have shaped the taxation compliance. Let me know if the demo has to be arranged
Ashish Pandey Thank you for triggering the thought for this weeks Tech Tuesday